This Law and Order Code for the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation is established for the purposes of strengthening Tribal self-government, providing for the judicial needs of the Reservation, and thereby assuring the maintenance of law and order on the Reservation.

This Law and Order Code is adopted pursuant to the authority vested in the Tribal Business Committee under Article VI of the Constitution of the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation.

This Law and Order Code shall be known as The Law and Order Code of the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation and may be referred to as the Ute Law and Order Code, or Law and Order Code, and may be abbreviated as the U.L.O.C. Sub-codes and rules included herein may be cited by the name given in the sub-code or rule heading.

Any and all ordinances of the Tribal Business Committee which conflict in any way with the provisions of this Law and Order Code are hereby repealed to the extent that they are inconsistent with or conflict with, or are contrary to the spirit and/or purpose of this Law and Order Code.

Any and all provisions of the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 25, Part II, as presently constituted or hereafter constituted which deal with subjects covered in this Law and Order Code or are otherwise inconsistent with or in conflict with the provisions of this Law and Order Code or the purpose and/or spirit of this Law and Order Code are declared to be no longer applicable to the Uintah and Ouray Reservation.

This Law and Order Code may be amended, additions made hereto, or deletions made herefrom in the manner provided for the adoption of tribal ordinances. Amendments and additions to this Law and Order Code shall become a part thereof for all purposes and shall be codified and incorporated herein in a manner consistent with the numbering and organization hereof.

It is hereby declared as a matter of Tribal policy and legislative determination, that the public interest and the interests of the Ute Indian Tribe demand that the Tribe provide itself, its members, and other persons living within the territorial jurisdiction of the Tribe as set forth in Article I of the Constitution of the Ute Indian Tribe with an effective means of redress in both civil and criminal cases against members and non-Tribal members who through either their residence, presence, business dealings, other actions or failures to act, or other significant minimum contacts with this Reservation and/or its residents commit criminal offenses against the Tribe or incur civil obligations to persons or entities entitled to the Tribe's protection. This action is deemed necessary as a result of the confusion and conflicts caused by the increased contact and interaction between the Tribe, its members, and other residents of the Reservation and other persons and entities over which the Tribe has not previously elected to exercise jurisdiction. The jurisdictional provisions of this Law and Order Code, to insure maximum protection for the Tribe, its members and other residents of the Reservation, should be applied equally to all persons, members and non-members alike.

(1) The Jurisdiction of the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall extend to the territory within the original confines of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation as set forth by Executive Orders of October 3, 1861, and January 5,1882, and by the Acts of Congress approved May 27,1902, June 19,1902, and March 11,1948, and to such other lands without such boundaries as have been or may hereafter be added to the Reservation or held in trust for the Tribe under any law of the United States or otherwise.

(2) The jurisdiction of the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall extend beyond the territorial limitation set forth next above, to effectuate the jurisdictional provisions set forth below, to the greatest extent permissible by law.

(1) As used in these jurisdictional provisions, the word "person" shall include any individual, firm, company, association, or corporation.

(2) Subject to any contrary provisions, exceptions or limitations contained in either federal law, the Tribal Constitution, or as expressly stated elsewhere in this Law and Order Code, the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall have civil and criminal jurisdiction over the following persons:

§1-2-4. Jurisdiction Over Property.

Subject to any contrary provisions, exceptions, or limitations contained in either federal laws and regulations, the Tribal Constitution, or as expressly stated elsewhere in this Law and Order Code, the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall have jurisdiction over any real or personal property located on the Reservation to determine the ownership thereof or rights therein or to determine the application of such property to the satisfaction of a claim for which the owner of the property may be liable.

Subject to any contrary provisions, exceptions, or limitations contained in either federal law, or the Tribal Constitution, the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall have jurisdiction over all civil causes of action, and over all offenses prohibited by this Code except the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall not assume jurisdiction over any civil or criminal matter which does not involve either the Tribe, its officers, agents, employees, property or enterprises, or a member of the Tribe, or a member of a federally recognized tribe, if some other forum exists for the handling of the matter and if the matter is not one in which the rights of the Tribe or its members may be directly or indirectly affected.

The jurisdiction invoked by this Code over any person, cause of action, or subject shall be concurrent with any valid jurisdiction over the same of the courts of the United States, any state, or any political subdivision thereof; provided, however, this Code does not recognize, grant, or cede jurisdiction to any other political or governmental entity in which jurisdiction does not otherwise exist in law.

(1) The Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in all matters in which the Ute Indian Tribe or its officers or employees are parties in their official capacities.

(2) Nothing contained in the preceding paragraph or elsewhere in this Law and Order Code shall be construed as a waiver of the sovereign immunity of the Tribe or its officers or enterprises unless specifically denominated as such.

(1) There is hereby established a Ute Indian Appellate Court, which may be referred to as the Appellate Court, to handle all appeals from the Tribal Juvenile Court and Tribal Court as provided elsewhere in this Law and Order Code. The Appellate Court shall consist of three justices.

(2) There is hereby established a Ute Indian Tribal Court, which may be referred to as the Tribal Court, to handle all matters of a judicial nature not specifically placed within the jurisdiction of some other judicial forum. The Ute Indian Tribal Court shall be a court of general civil and criminal jurisdiction and shall hear appeals from all Tribal administrative bodies.

(3) There is hereby established a Ute Indian Tribal Juvenile Court, which may be referred to as the Tribal Juvenile Court, to handle all matters set forth in the Juvenile Code contained in this Law and Order Code.

Any judge may be removed from office prior to the expiration of his term of office by the affirmative vote of four members of the Business Committee only upon the grounds of neglect of duty or gross misconduct, and only after the holding of a public hearing at which the judge, after being given not less than five days notice, is given an opportunity to answer all charges and present evidence in his own defense.

(1) Judges shall administer justice and discharge all duties imposed upon them by law and shall hear and decide matters of a judicial nature and enter judgments and orders disposing of such matters. In the absence of the Court Clerk, a Judge may perform the clerk's duties in addition to his own and may receive cash bail or bonds whenever a clerk or other authorized person is not available.

(2) The Chief Judge shall be responsible for the administration of all courts, except the Tribal Juvenile Court which shall be administered by the Juvenile Court Judge, and shall supervise all probation and parole officers. In addition, the Chief Judge shall be responsible for the assignment of cases and the management of the Court's calendar and business. The Chief Judge shall designate an Associate Judge to act as Chief Judge in his absence.

(3) All judges of the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall conform their conduct to the Code of Judicial Conduct as adopted by the American Bar Association.

(1) A Judge shall disqualify himself from hearing any matter in which he has a direct interest or in which any party to the matter is a relative by blood, in the fourth degree (first cousins), or where he feels that he will not be able to render a just decision.

(2) Any party to a legal proceeding may request a change of assignment of judges to hear the proceeding by filing a written Affidavit of Prejudice giving sufficient, reasonable grounds why the judge assigned should not hear the case. Such affidavit shall be presented to the Judge assigned to hear the case who shall rule on the sufficiency of the affidavit, and, if sufficient, either disqualify himself or turn the affidavit over to the Chief Judge or some other judge for a decision as to whether a different Judge should be assigned.

(1) Every Judge prior to taking office or acting in such office shall take the following oath or affirmation:

§1-3-8. Clerk of Court.

(1) There shall be a clerk of the Tribal Juvenile Court and a Clerk of the Tribal Court who shall also serve as the Clerk of the Tribal Appellate Court. Additional assistant clerks may be appointed by the Business Committee if such is deemed necessary.

(2) The appointment, qualifications, terms of office and compensation of Clerks shall be determined by the Business Committee.

It shall be the duty of the Clerks of the Tribal Courts to supervise and keep all records, files, dockets or other records required to be kept by this Law and Order Code, by rule of the Court, Tribal resolution or as otherwise established, and further to keep a written record of all proceedings of the Court, to administer oaths, to collect and account for all fines, bail or bond money, fees or other charges which cause money to come to the Court, to deposit and account for all such moneys in the manner prescribed by the Business Committee, and to disburse such money as authorized by law. The Clerks shall further assist the Court in any way required to facilitate the performance of its duties, to aid the police or private citizens in their dealings with the Court, and may render advice and assistance to individual members of the Tribe or their counsel in the drafting of documents incidental to proceedings in the Courts.

§1-3-10. Oath of Clerks.

§1-3-11. Court Administrator.

The Business Committee may, at such time as it appears reasonably necessary for the efficient functioning of the Court, appoint a Court Administrator whose job it will be to aid the Chief Judge in administering the courts, the scheduling of cases and processing of papers for scheduled cases, and do such other things as the Business Committee or Chief Judge directs to assure the orderly and efficient operation of all Tribal Courts.

§1-3-12. Probation and Parole Officers.

(1) The Business Committee shall appoint one or more persons to be Probation and Parole Officers and shall determine the qualifications, terms of employment and compensation of such officers.

(2) Probation and Parole Officers, subject to the supervision of the Chief Judge, shall have the responsibility of assuring the faithful performance of probation or parole agreements by persons subject thereto, counseling such persons and their families, preparing presentence or other reports as requested by a Tribal Judge, and doing such other things as may be directed by a Tribal Judge or otherwise required by law.

(3) A Probation and Parole Officer shall have the authority of a police officer to make arrests for violation of probation or parole agreements.

§1-3-13. Bonding of Court Personnel.

(1) All Judges and Clerks shall be bonded, at the Tribe's expense, in amounts determined by the Business Committee, to secure the honest performance of their duties.

(2) The Business Committee may provide for the bonding at Tribal expense, of jailers of the Tribal jail for the specific and limited purpose of receiving cash bails and bonds to secure the release of persons incarcerated in the tribal jail.

The following acts or failures to act may serve as the basis for finding an individual or other entity in contempt of court:

(1) A civil contempt is prosecuted to preserve, protect, enforce or restore the duly adjudicated rights of a party to a civil action against one under legal obligation to do or refrain from doing something as a result of a judicial decree or order.

(2) Relief in a civil contempt proceeding may be coercive or compensatory in nature as to the complaining party and may include a fine payable to the Court or to the complaining party or imprisonment of the party in contempt to secure compliance, or both.

(1) Conduct which is directed at, or is detrimental to, the dignity and authority of the Court is a criminal contempt.

(2) Criminal contempt is an offense which may be punishable, at the discretion of the Court based on the nature of the conduct in question, with a fine of up to $500.00 and/or up to six (6) months in jail.

(1) A direct contempt is one committed in the presence of the Court or so near thereto as to be disruptive of the Court proceedings, and such may be adjudged and punished summarily.

(2) All other contempts shall be determined at a hearing at which the person accused of contempt is given notice and an opportunity to be heard.

(1) Any person appearing as a party in any judicial proceeding before a Court of the Ute Indian Tribe shall have the right to be represented by a lay counselor (not a professional attorney) and to have such person assist in the preparation and presentation of his case.

(2) The Ute Indian Tribe shall have no obligation to provide or pay for such lay counselors and such obligation shall rest entirely with the person desiring such a counselor.

(3) Any person appearing as a lay counselor shall be subject to the same ethical obligations of honesty and confidentiality towards his client as would be a professional attorney, and the attorney client testimonial privilege shall apply in appropriate circumstances.

(4) Lay counselors shall be deemed officers of the Court for purposes of their representation of a party and shall be subject to the disciplinary authority of the Court in all matters related to their representative capacity.

Any person appearing as a party in any civil or criminal action shall have the right to be represented by a professional attorney of his own choice and at his own expense; provided, however, that the Ute Indian Tribe has no obligation to provide or pay for such an attorney; provided further, that any such attorney appearing before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall have first obtained admission to practice before such Courts in accordance with the procedures set forth herein.

Any attorney who is an active member in good standing of the Utah State Bar, or any attorney certified and eligible to practice before the highest court of any other state or of the Supreme Court of the United States is eligible to be admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe.

(1) Any professional attorney desiring to be admitted to practice before the courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall apply for admission by certifying under oath, either verbally or in writing to the following:

§1-5-5. Disbarrment and Discipline.

(1) Whenever it is made to appear to the Chief Judge that any attorney admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe has been disbarred or suspended from the practice of law in the State of Utah or other state to which reference for admission to practice was made as a condition to obtaining admission to practice before the Tribal Courts, he shall immediately be given notice at his last known address that he shall be suspended from practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe for an indefinite period unless he appears within five (5) days and shows good cause why such order should not be made.

(2) Any judge who finds an attorney admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe to be in contempt of Court may, in addition to any other sanction imposed, order the attorney to appear within ten (10) days and show cause why he should not be suspended from practicing before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe.

(3) The Chief Judge may, upon receiving a written, verified complaint which indicates that an attorney admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe has acted in an unethical or otherwise improper manner while functioning as an attorney, order such attorney to appear and defend himself at a hearing to hear all evidence relevant to the matter, and may order the suspension of such an attorney if such appears reasonably necessary or appropriate.

(4) All suspensions from practicing before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall be for an indefinite period unless the Judge specifically orders otherwise. An attorney suspended for an indefinite period, or one suspended for a specific period, may petition the Tribal Court for permission to re-apply for permission to practice at the end of one year or the specific period of suspension, and such permission shall be granted if it is made to appear, at a hearing or otherwise as the Court shall direct that he has been adequately reproved and now appears willing to conduct himself in a proper manner, and that the petitioner has been reinstated to practice if previously disbarred or suspended in another jurisdiction.

(5) Any person appearing as lay counsel for another may be suspended from further appearance as such for misconduct or improper behavior by any Judge upon the same conditions of notice and hearing provided professional attorneys.

(1) Every attorney admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe, and every lay counsel employed or appointed to represent another before such courts when acting in such capacity or in matters in any way related thereto, shall conform his conduct in every respect to the requirements and suggested behavior of the Code of Professional Responsibility as adopted by the American Bar Association.

(2) Both professional attorneys and lay counselors who hold themselves out as being available to act as such have a responsibility to accept as clients and represent without compensation or without full compensation, such persons as a Judge of a Tribal Court may feel have a particularly urgent need for such representation but are personally unable to afford or pay for such legal help.

(1) Upon admission to practice as provided herein, an attorney shall take the following oath, either verbally before the Court, or subscribe his signature to such oath if admitted without personally appearing:

(1) Before any professional attorney shall be admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe, and as an annual condition to maintaining that privilege, he shall pay a fee of $50.00, payable prior to taking the oath as set forth herein and annually thereafter. Any attorney failing to pay such annual fee within 30 days after the anniversary date of his admission shall forfeit the right to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe until formally readmitted.

(2) A Judge of one of the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe may waive the formal admission procedure and payment of the fee as required herein only in the case of an attorney, not a resident of the State of Utah, making an appearance for the limited purpose of a single, specific case, and only if such attorney is associated in such case with an attorney or counselor who is formally admitted to practice before the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe.

(1) Any enrolled member of the Ute Indian Tribe, between the ages of 18 and 70, who has not been convicted of a felony or a Class A offense under this Code, and who resides on the Uintah and Ouray Reservation, shall be eligible to be a juror, Judges and other officers or employees of the Court shall not to be eligible to be jurors while thus employed.

(2) The Chief Judge may by rule adopt procedures whereby non-enrolled Indians and non-Indians may be summoned for jury duty in cases in which one or more non-Indian parties are involved.

Each year, the Business Committee, or the Chief Judge at the direction of the Business Committee, shall prepare a list of eligible jurors, which list shall contain not less than forty (40) names and which shall contain the names of persons from each community and Band, prorated as nearly as possible according to the relative populations of the communities and Bands.

(1) The Clerk shall subpoena not less than twelve (12) persons from the list of eligible jurors to appear and be available to serve as jurors whenever a jury trial is scheduled in a civil or criminal matter.

(2) The selection from the list of eligible jurors shall be by lot or some other means of random, impartial selection.

(3) Selection of jurors to hear the case shall be accomplished as provided in the Rules of Civil and Criminal Procedure elsewhere in this Law and Order Code.

The Judge assigned to hear a case shall have the power to excuse a person subpoenaed to appear as a juror on account of sickness, disability, extreme hardship or other good cause shown upon the request for such excusal by the person subpoenaed.

Each juror who is called and reports for jury duty or who serves on a jury shall be entitled to receive such fees for daily service and/or mileage, if any, as the Business Committee shall establish by resolution, or as established by a rule of the Court.

(1) The Clerk shall issue subpoenas to compel the attendance of witnesses, jurors or such other persons as a judge may direct for a trial, hearing or other proceeding before a Court of the Ute Indian Tribe.

(2) In a criminal case, the complaining witness and all witnesses for the Ute Indian Tribe may be subpoenaed to appear at the date and time set for trial or a reasonable time before such time, plus the defendant shall have the right to have witnesses subpoenaed to appear in his behalf by notifying the Clerk of the Court of the names and addresses of such witnesses not less than ten (10) days prior to the scheduled trial date.

§1-7-2. Service of Subpoenas; Return on Service.

(1) Subpoenas in criminal cases shall be served by a tribal policeman, or other person designated by the Chief Judge, Chief of Police or Business Committee.

(2) Subpoenas in non-criminal cases may be served by any person, over 18 years of age, not a party to the action.

(3) Except by order of the Court based upon good cause shown therefor, no subpoena shall be served between the hours of 9:00 p.m. and 7:00 a. m. or on Sundays or legal holidays.

(4) The person serving a subpoena shall endorse upon the copy served his name, title, and the place, date, and time of service.

(5) The person serving a subpoena shall make a return to the Clerk stating the name of the case, the name of the person served, the place, date, and time of service, and shall subscribe his name thereto under penalty of perjury for the intentional making of a false return.

There shall be kept available for public inspection during regular business hours at the office of the Clerk of the Tribal Court, copies of this Law and Order Code and any amendments thereto, plus copies of all laws or rules which are incorporated by reference from other jurisdictions into this Law and Order Code, plus a copy of the Code of Professional Responsibility of the American Bar Association.

The term "signature" or any term relating thereto as used in this Law and. Order Code or subsequent resolutions or ordinances of the Business Committee, shall mean the written signature, official seal, or the mark or thumbprint of any individual witnessed by two disinterested persons subscribing their names therewith.

The files and records of the Courts of the Ute Indian Tribe shall be open for public inspection, except that the files and records of adoptions, incompetency proceedings, and Tribal Juvenile Court proceedings shall not be open to public inspection and may be inspected only with prior specific judicial authorization.

The adoption of any law, code or other document by reference into this low and Order Code shall in no way constitute a waiver or cession of any sovereign power of the Ute Indian Tribe to the jurisdiction whose law or code is adopted or in any way diminish such sovereign power, but shall result in the law or code thus adopted becoming the law of the Ute Indian Tribe.

Except as required by federal law, or the Constitution and Bylaws of the Ute Indian Tribe, or as specifically waived by a resolution or ordinance of the Business Committee specifically referring to such, the Ute Indian Tribe shall be immune from suit in any civil action, and its officers and employees immune from suit for any liability arising from the performance of their official duties.

In any action otherwise authorized by or against the Tribe or its officers or employees arising from the performance of their official duties, the following modifications to the rules or procedures set forth in this Law and Order Code shall apply:

Unless otherwise specifically provided in the Law and Order Code, the following limitations on the banging of civil actions will apply:

The following principles of construction will apply to all of the Law and Order Code unless a different construction is obviously intended:

a) Scope. Except when different rules prescribed in this Code specifically apply, these rules shall govern the procedure in the trial and appellate courts of Uintah and Ouray Indian Reservation, in all actions, suits and proceedings of a civil nature, in all special proceedings established by law, and in criminal matters to the extent no different rule is specified.

b) Construction. These rules shall be liberally construed to secure a just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action.

c) One Form of Action. There shall be one form of action known, except in criminal cases, as a " civil action."

d) Collateral References. Any procedures or matters not specifically set forth herein shall be handled in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure insofar as such are not inconsistent with these rules, and with general principles of fairness and justice as prescribed and interpreted by the court.

Rule 2. COMMENCEMENT OF ACTION; SERVICE OF PROCESS.

a) Commencement of Action. A civil action is commenced by filing a complaint and serving a copy of such on the defendant or defendants as provided herein. The court shall have jurisdiction from such time as both the complaint is filed and properly served upon the defendant and a return of service is filed with the clerk.

b) Service of Process. Service of process shall consist of delivering to the party served a copy of the complaint along with a summons, which need not be issued by the judge or clerk, which advises the defendant that he is required to answer the complaint within 20 days or a default judgment will be entered against him.

c) All papers required to be filed shall be served as under this rule or, except for the complaint, may be served on the counselor or attorney of a party. Service of all papers except the complaint may be made by mail, first class postage prepaid and properly addressed.

a) Computation. In computing any period of time set forth herein, the day that the period is to commence from shall not be counted and the last day of the period shall be counted; provided, however, that any time period under 7 days will not include intermediate Saturdays, Sundays, or legal holidays in the period and any period which would otherwise end on a Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday will be deemed to end on the next day which is not a Saturday, Sunday or legal holiday.

b) Enlargement. The court for good cause shown may enlarge the prescribed period of time within which any required act may be done.

c) Notice of Motions. Written motions and notice of hearing thereon, other than ones which may be heard ex parte, shall be served not later than 5 days prior to the time specified for hearing.

d) Service by Mail. Whenever service is accomplished by mail, three days shall be added to the prescribed period of time, but such addition shall not cause Saturdays, Sundays, or legal holidays to be counted in the time period if they would not otherwise have been counted.

a) Pleadings. There shall be a complaint and an answer; plus a responsive pleading shall be allowed whenever, by cross claim, counterclaim or otherwise, a party is first claimed against unless the court shall otherwise order. The court may grant additional leave to plead in the interest of narrowing and defining issues or as justice may require.

b) Motions and Orders.

1. Motions. An application to the court for an order shall be by motion and shall be in writing, unless made orally during a hearing or trial, and shall set forth the relief or order sought and the grounds therefor stated with particularity. A motion and notice of motion may be set forth together.
2. Orders. An order includes every direction of the court whether included in a judgment or not, and may be made with or without notice to adverse parties and may be vacated or modified with or without notice.
3. Hearings on Motions and Orders. A motion or hearing on an order shall be automatically continued if the judge before whom it was to be heard is unable to hear it on the day specified and no other judge is available to hear it.

a) Claims for Relief. A pleading which sets forth a claim for affirmative relief shall contain:

1. a short, plain statement of the grounds upon which the court's jurisdiction depends, unless the court already has jurisdiction over the matter;
2. a short, plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief; and
3. a demand for judgment for the relief to which the pleader considers himself entitled. Such claim for relief can be in the alternative or for several types of relief.

b) Defenses and Denials. A party shall state in plain, concise terms the grounds upon which he bases his defense to claims pleaded against him, and shall admit or deny the claims and statements upon which the adverse party relies. If he is without information or knowledge regarding a statement or claim, he shall so state and such shall be deemed to be a denial. Denials shall fairly meet the substance of the claims or statements denied and may be made as to specified parts but not all of a claim, statement, or averment. A general denial shall not be made unless the party could in good faith deny each and every claim covered thereby. A claim to which a responsive pleading is required, except for amount of damages, shall be deemed admitted unless denied; if no responsive pleading is allowed the claims of the adverse party shall be deemed denied.

c) General Content of Claims and Defenses. Claims and defenses shall be simply, concisely, and directly stated, but may be in alternative or hypothetical form, on one or several counts or defenses, need not be consistent with one another, and may be based on legal or equitable grounds or both.

d) Affirmative Defenses. Matters constituting an affirmative defense or avoidance shall be affirmatively set forth. When a party has mistakenly designated a defense as a counterclaim or vice versa, the court may treat the pleading as if it had been properly designated if justice so requires.

e) Construction of Pleadings. All pleadings shall be construed so as to do substantial justice.

a) Caption. Every pleading shall contain a caption heading, the name of the court, the title of the action, the court file number (if known) and a designation as to what kind of pleading it is. All pleadings shall contain the names of the parties except the name of the first party on each side may be used on all pleadings except the complaint.

b) Paragraphs. All averments of claim or defense shall be set forth in separate numbered paragraphs each of which is limited, as nearly as possible, to a single circumstance. Claims or defenses founded upon separate transactions or occurrences should be set forth in separate counts or defenses.

c) Exhibits; Adoption by Reference. Statements in a pleading may be adopted by reference in a different part of the same pleading or in another pleading or in any motion. A copy of a written instrument which is an exhibit to a pleading is a part thereof for all purposes.

d) Paper Used in Pleadings. Insofar as is possible, pleadings and other papers filed in any action shall be on legal size paper, double spaced, except for matters customarily single spaced, contain at least a 2-inch top margin and a 1-inch left side margin, and contain the court file number on the first page thereof. Substantial compliance with this rule will be sufficient for all parties not represented by a professional attorney.

a) When Presented. A defendant or other party against whom a claim has been made for affirmative relief shall have 20 days from the date of service upon him to answer or respond to the claim.

b) Motions. Motions to dismiss or to make the opposing parties' pleadings more definite may be made prior to answering a claim and an answer will not be due until 10 days after the disposition of the motion by the Court.

a) Counterclaim. A party against whom a claim is made may assert in his answer any claims he has against the party claiming against him and both claims shall be resolved at trial.

b) Crossclaim. A party against whom a claim is made may assert any claim he has against a co-party and have such claim resolved at trial.

c) Third Party Claim. A party against whom a claim is made may complain against a third party who is or may be liable for payment or performance of the claim of the opposing party and have such complaint resolved at trial.

Rule 9. AMENDMENT OF PLEADINGS.

a) Amendment before trial. A party may amend his pleadings once before the opposing party has replied or if no reply is required, not less than 20 days before the case is scheduled for trial. The opposing party may respond, if appropriate, and the trial date be delayed if necessary. Other amendments shall be allowed only upon motion and order of the Court.

b) At Trial. When issues or evidence not raised in the pleadings are heard at trial, the judgment may conform to such issues or evidence without the necessity of amending the pleadings.

Rule 10. PARTIES.

a) Real Party in Interest. Every action shall be prosecuted in the name of the real party in interest, except a personal representative or other person in a fiduciary position can sue in his own name without joining the party for whose benefit the action is maintained.

b) Guardian Ad Litem. When an infant, or insane, or incompetent person who has not had a general guardian appointed is a party, the Court shall appoint a guardian ad litem to represent such person in the suit or action.

c) Joinder of Parties. To the greatest extent possible given the limited jurisdiction of the Ute Indian Tribal Court, all persons or parties interested in a particular action may be joined in the action, but failure to join a party over whom the Court has no jurisdiction will not require dismissal of the action unless it would be impossible to reach a just result without such party; otherwise, the failure to join a party may be taken into account to assure that justice is done.

A person may intervene and be treated in all respects as a party to an action in cases in which property in which he has an interest may be affected or a question or law or fact common to a claim of his may be litigated.

If a party dies or becomes incompetent or transfers his interest or separates from some official capacity, a substitute party may be joined or substituted as justice requires.

a) Interrogatories. A party may submit written interrogatories to any other party who shall answer them in writing, under oath, within 25 days of receipt of such.

b) Depositions. A party may take the oral deposition of an adverse party or non-party witness under oath upon not less than 10 days notice, specifying the time and place on the reservation where such will occur.

c) Production, Entry, or Inspection. A party may request another party to produce any documents or things in his custody or possession for inspection or copying or request permission to enter and inspect property reasonably related to the case, and the opposing party shall within 25 days reply as to whether or not such will be allowed and if not, why not.

d) Scope of Discovery. Parties may obtain discovery regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the pending action, whether or not such would be admissible at trial, if such appears reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence; except that discovery may not be had of the work product of a party's counselor or attorney.

e) Protective Order. A party against whom discovery is sought may move the Court for a protective order to prevent undue annoyance, harassment, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, and the court may order that the discovery cease or proceed only upon specified conditions.

f) Failure to Make Discovery. If a party fails to respond or appear for discovery as provided in this rule, the opposing party may move for an order to compel the defaulting party to perform and the court may award costs to the non-defaulting party. If a party fails to perform after being ordered to do so by the Court, the Court may, upon motion, order that a certain fact, claim, or defense be deemed established or strike part of a claim or defense, or dismiss or render a judgment by default against the non-complying party in an aggravated case.

g) Use of Discovery. Answers to interrogatories and depositions may be used in a motion, hearing or at trial to impeach or contradict the testimony of the person discovered, or by an adverse party for any purpose.

a) When Allowed. Trials of all civil actions shall be to the court without a jury unless a party to the action files a request for a jury trial and a fee of $10.00 not less than 25 days prior to the scheduled date of trial. A judge may, upon good cause shown, waive payment of the required fee.

b) Issues Triable. Unless the requesting party specifies otherwise, all factual issues properly triable by a jury shall be decided by the jury at trial. A party requesting a jury trial may specify only those issues he wants tried to the jury, and any other party may specify, not less than 5 days before the date scheduled for trial, any other issues he wishes to be so tried. Once any or all issues of a case have been requested for a jury trial, such request may not be withdrawn without the consent of all of the parties.

c) Designation by Judge.

1. A judge may, upon his own motion, order the trial by a jury of any or all of the factual issues of a case regardless of whether or not the parties have requested such.
2. A judge may, upon motion of any party or its own initiative, find that some or all of the issues designated for jury trial are not properly triable to a jury, and order that no jury trial be held on such issues.
3. A judge may hear and decide an issue or issues without a jury if either party to an issue fails to appear at trial, regardless of any request made for a jury trial on such issues. 

a) Assignment of Judge and Date. The Chief Judge shall determine which judge shall hear a case, and shall provide by rule for the placing of cases on the court calendar with or without the request of any party provided all parties are given adequate notice of trial dates.

b) Postponement. Upon motion of a party, the court may in its discretion, and upon such terms as it deems just, including the payment of any cost occasioned by such postponement, postpone a trial or proceeding upon good cause shown.

a) Voluntary Dismissal. Prior to the responsive pleading of a party against whom a claim has been made or motion to dismiss odor summary judgment on such claim, the party making the claim may file a notice of dismissal and his claim shall be deemed dismissed without prejudice. In all other circumstances a party may move the court to dismiss his own claim and the court shall do so either with or without prejudice as is just and proper given the stage of the proceedings, provided, however, if a crossclaim or counterclaim has been filed against the moving party, the judge shall dismiss the claim only with the consent of the adverse party or only if it appears that the other party can prosecute his claim independently without undue additional hardship.

b) Involuntary Dismissal. A party against whom a claim has been made may move the court to dismiss the claim of the adverse party upon any of the following grounds:

1. failure of the adverse party to pursue prosecution of his claim; or
2. failure of the adverse party to comply substantially with these rules; or
3. failure of the adverse party to comply with an order of the court; or
4. at the close of the presentation of the other party's evidence and without prejudicing his own right to present evidence, failure of the opposing party to establish a right to relief based on the facts and law presented;
5. whenever dismissal appears proper based upon a failure to prove a claim.

Such dismissal shall be deemed an adjudication of the merits of the issue dismissed unless the court shall, for good cause shown, order otherwise. The Court may postpone ruling on a motion to dismiss for failure to establish a right to any relief until the close of all the evidence.

c) The court may order a party moving to dismiss his own claim to pay the costs of the adverse party if the proceeding has progressed beyond the pleading stage, and may order payment of costs in other circumstances where such is deemed appropriate.

a) Consolidation. The court may, upon motion of any party or its own motion, order some or all of the issues of separate actions tried together when there is a common issue of fact or law relating the actions or if such will tend to avoid unnecessary cost or delay.

b) Separate Trials. The court may, to avoid prejudice or in furtherance of convenience, order a separate trial of a claim or issue.

a) Form and Admissibility. At all hearings and trials, the testimony of witnesses shall be taken orally under oath, unless otherwise provided in these rules. All evidence admissible under the Utah Rules of Evidence or the Federal Rules of Evidence, once adopted, or as specified in this Law and Order Code shall be admissible and the competency of witnesses to testify shall be similarly determined.

b) Examination and Cross Examination.

1. A party may use leading questions against an adverse party or hostile witness or whenever such appears reasonably necessary to elicit testimony from witnesses of tender years or poor ability to communicate.
2. A party may call any person to be a witness and examine any witness so called on any matter relevant to the action. A party may impeach his own witness.
3. Cross examination shall be limited to the general scope of direct examination, provided, however, that full examination of all witnesses shall be allowed on direct or cross examination to assure complete development of all relevant facts.

c) Physical Evidence. Written documents and other physical evidence shall be received upon being identified, authenticated, and a showing of relevance to the action.

d) Official Documents. Official documents or an official law, record or copy thereof may be admitted into evidence upon the testimony of an official having custody or official knowledge thereof or without such testimony if the document or record or copy thereof is accompanied by a certificate identifying such thing and stating that it is a true and correct representation of what it purports to be.

e) Record of Excluded Evidence. In an action tried to a jury, excluded evidence may upon request be included in the record for purposes of appeal and excluded oral testimony shall be put into evidence by means of an offer of proof made out of the hearing of the jury. In an action tried only to the court, the judge may receive such excluded testimony into the record.

a) Issuance. Subpoenas for attendance of witnesses or production of documents or things shall be issued and served as provided elsewhere in this Law and Order Code.

b) Failure to Appear. A person who has been properly served with a subpoena and fails to appear or produce may be deemed in contempt of court and/or the Court may order his arrest for the offense of Failure of Obey a Lawful Order of the Court.

c) Subpoena Unnecessary. A person present in court, or before a judicial officer, may be required to testify in the same manner as if he were in attendance upon a subpoena.

a) Number of Jurors; Alternate. There shall be 'six jurors chosen to hear a case plus the Court may allow one additional juror to be chosen as an alternate juror. In the event that an alternate juror is chosen and hears the case, he shall be dismissed prior to the jury's deliberation if not needed, and treated like a regular juror if needed.

b) Examination of Jurors. The court shall permit the parties or the attorneys to conduct the examination of prospective jurors and may itself examine the jurors.

c) Challenges.

1. A challenge is an objection made to a potential trial juror. Either party may challenge jurors but where there are several parties on either side, they must join in a challenge before it can be made.
2. Challenges to jurors are either peremptory or for cause. Each party or side shall be entitled to three peremptory challenges.
3. Challenges for cause shall be made against a potential juror on the grounds that he is not entitled or qualified to be a juror, he is familiar with the case or has formed an opinion regarding the case, or if for any other reason it appears likely or reasonably possible that a juror will not be able to render a fair, impartial verdict. The judge may take evidence relative to a challenge for cause and shall in any event render a decision thereon.

d) Selection of Jury. The clerk shall draw lots to determine potential jurors and shall replace jurors for whom a challenge is sustained until a full panel is completed. Upon completion, the clerk shall administer the oath to the jurors, the form of which shall be prescribed by rule of the Court.

e) Discharge of Juror. If, after the proceedings begin and before a verdict is reached, a juror becomes unable or disqualified to perform his duty, the alternate juror shall take his place; if there is no alternate juror, the parties may agree to complete the action with the other jurors. If no agreement can be reached, the judge shall discharge the jury and the case shall be tried with a new jury.

f) View of Jury. The Court may, for good cause shown, allow the jury to view the property or place of occurrence of a disputed or otherwise relevant event.

g) Separation of the Jury. Any time prior to their verdict when the jurors are allowed to leave the courtroom, the judge shall admonish them not to converse with or listen to any other person on the subject of the trial and further admonish them not to form or express an opinion on the case until the case is submitted to the jury for their decision.

h) Deliberation. Once the case is submitted to them, the jury shall retire to deliberate in private under the charge of an officer of the court who will refrain from communicating with them except to inquire whether they have reached a verdict, and he shall prevent others from improperly communicating with the jury.

i) Things Taken by Jury. The jury may take with them when deliberating any of the following:

1. the Court's instructions;
2. papers or things received in evidence as exhibits;
3. notes taken by the jurors themselves, but not notes taken by a non-juror.

j) Additional Instructions. If after the jury retires, there is some question on an instruction or other point of law or disagreement regarding the testimony, the jury may request additional instructions from the Court, such to be given on the record after notice to the parties or their counsel.

k) No Verdict. If the jury is discharged before rendering their verdict or for any reason prevented from giving a verdict, the action shall be retried.

l) Declaration of the Verdict. When all or at least five of the six jury members agree on a verdict, they shall so inform the officer who shall notify the Court. The jury shall be conducted into the courtroom and the clerk shall call the jury roll; the verdict shall be given in writing to the clerk and then read by the clerk to the court; inquiry shall be made by the court to the jury foreman as to whether such is their verdict. Either party may have the jury polled individually to determine if such is, in fact, their verdict. If insufficient jurors agree with the verdict, the jury shall be sent out again to reconsider; otherwise, the verdict is complete and the jury shall be dismissed. If the verdict is read or recorded incorrectly by the clerk or foreman, the jury shall retire to correct the verdict.

The court may require the jury to return their verdict in the form of specific findings on specified issues or may require the jury to return a general verdict accompanied by answers to questions related to the issues under consideration.

a) Instructions. At the close of the evidence or at such earlier time as the Court may direct, any party may file written requested instructions for the court to give to the jury. The court shall inform the parties or their counsel of the instructions it intends to give and hear argument thereon out of the hearing of the jury.

b) Arguments. Final arguments for the parties shall be made after the jury has been instructed. The court shall not comment on the evidence of the case and, if it should restate any of the evidence, it shall inform the jury that they are the sole judges of the facts.

a) Motion For A Directed Verdict. A party who moves for a directed verdict at the close of the evidence offered by the opposing side may offer evidence as if no motion had been made in the event that the motion is denied. A motion for directed verdict shall state the grounds therefor and may be granted by the court without the assent of the jury.

b) Motion For Judgment Notwithstanding The Verdict. A party who has made a motion for a directed verdict at the close of all the evidence, which motion has been denied or not granted, may, within 10 days after entry of judgment move to have the verdict and any judgment entered thereon set aside and entered according to his motion for directed verdict; or if there has been verdict, the party may so move within 10 days after the jury has been discharged. A motion for a new trial may be made in the alternative. The court shall enter judgment or make any orders consistent with his decision on the motions.

In cases tried without a jury, and except in cases where a party defaults, fails to appear or otherwise waives such, findings of fact and conclusions of law shall be made by the court in support of all final judgments. Upon its own motion or the motion of any party within ten days of the entry of judgment, findings may be amended or added to and the judgment may be amended accordingly.

a) Definition. A judgment includes any final order from which an appeal is available and no special form of judgement is required.

b) Judgment on Multiple Claims. When more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, however designated, a final judgment may be entered on less than all of such claims only upon the Court's specifically finding that such is justified. Absent such a finding, an order or decision will not terminate the action as to any of the claims until all claims are finally decided, nor will the appeal period commence to run.

c) Demand for Judgment.

1. Generally. Except in the case of a default judgment, every final judgment shall grant the relief to which the party in whose favor it is rendered is entitled, even if such relief is not demanded in the pleadings. It may be given for or against one or more of several claimants; and it may, if justice so requires, determine the ultimate rights of the parties on each side as between or among themselves.
2. Judgment by Default. A judgment by default shall not be different in kind from, or exceed in amount, that specifically prayed for in the demand for judgment.

d) Costs. Unless the court shall otherwise direct, the court shall allow necessary costs and disbursements to the prevailing party or parties as a matter of course. Such prevailing party shall file with the court a verified memorandum of his costs and necessary disbursements within five days of the envy judgment and serve a copy of such on the opposing party, and if such are not objected to within 10 days, they shall be deemed to be a part of and included in the judgment rendered. The appellate court may award costs in alike manner.

e) Attorney's Fees. The court shall not award attorney's fees in a case unless such have been specifically provided for by a contract or agreement of the parties under dispute, or unless it reasonably appears that the case has been prosecuted for purposes of harassment only, or that there was no reasonable expectation of success on the part of the affirmatively claiming party. In any action in which the Tribe and/or any of its officers or employees are sued for a cause of action arising out of, or in the course of, the performance of a tribal function or duty, or in any action, except by the Tribe, against the bond of any such officer or employee, if judgment shall be against the Plaintiff the Court shall award a reasonable attorney's fee against such Plaintiff and in favor of the Defendant or Defendants.

a) Entry of Default. When a parry against whom a judgment for affirmative relief is sought has failed to plead or otherwise defend as provided by these rules, his default may be entered by the clerk and judgment by default granted. Once the default is entered no further notice to the defaulting party of any action taken or to betaken need be given.

b) Judgment by Default. Judgment by default may be entered by the clerk if a party's claim against the opposing party is for a sum of money which is or can by computation be made certain, and if the opposing party has been personally served on the reservation. Otherwise, judgment by default can be entered only by the court upon receipt of whatever evidence the court deems necessary to establish the claim. No judgment by default shall be entered against the Ute Indian Tribe.

c) Setting Aside Default. The court may, for good cause shown, set aside either an entry of defaulter a default judgment.

Anytime 20 days after commencement of an action, any party may move the court for summary judgment as to any or all of the issues presented in the case and such shall be granted by the court if it appears that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Such motions, which shall be served not less than 10 days prior to the hearing on said motion, may be supported by affidavits, discovery, or memoranda, all of which must be made available to opposing parties at least two days prior to the hearing.

a) Judgment. Judgment upon verdict of a jury shall be signed by the clerk and filed. All other judgments shall be signed by the judge and filed with the clerk.

b) Effectiveness; Recordation. A judgment is complete and shall be deemed entered for all purposes when it is signed and filed as provided herein. The clerk shall immediately make a notation of the judgment in the register of actions and the judgment docket.

c) Death of a Party. If a party dies after a verdict or decision upon any issue of fact and before judgment, judgment may nevertheless be entered thereon. d) Satisfaction of Judgment. A judgment may be satisfied, in whole or in part, as to any or all of the judgment debtors by the owner thereof or his attorney of record executing under oath and filing an acknowledgment of satisfaction specifying the amount paid and whether such is a full or partial satisfaction. A judge may order the entry of satisfaction upon proof of payment and failure of the judgment creditor to file a satisfaction. The clerk shall file all satisfactions of judgment and note the amount thereof in the register of actions and the judgment docket.

e) Effect of Satisfaction; Limitation. A judgment satisfied in whole, with such fact being entered in the judgment docket, shall cease to operate as such. A partially satisfied judgment or unsatisfied judgment shall continue in effect for eight years or until satisfied. An action to renew the judgment remaining unsatisfied may be maintained anytime prior to the expiration of eight years and will extend the period of limitations an additional 8 years and may be thereafter further extended by the same procedure.

a) Grounds; Time. Any party may petition for a new trial on any or all of the issues presented by serving a motion not later than 10 days after the entry of judgment, for any of the following causes:

1. error or irregularity which prevented any party from receiving a fair trial; or
2. misconduct of the jury or jury members; or
3. accident or surprise, or newly discovered evidence which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against or produced at trial; or
4. damages so excessive or inadequate that they appear to have been given under influence of passion or prejudice; or
5. insufficiency of the evidence to justify the verdict or other decision, or that it is contrary to the law; or
6. error in law.

b) Harmless Error. A new trial shall not be granted on the basis of error or irregularity which was harmless in that it did not affect substantial justice.

c) Support for Motion. Parties may include memoranda or affidavits in support of their motions to which reply memoranda and affidavits shall be allowed if desired.

d) Court Initiative. The court may, on its own initiative, not later than 10 days after entry of judgment, order a new trial on any grounds assertable by a party to the action, and shall specify the reasons for so ordering.

e) Motion To Alter Or Amend Judgment. A motion to alter or amend a judgment shall be served not later than 10 days after entry of the judgment.

a) Clerical Mistakes. Clerical mistakes in judgments, orders or other parts of the record and errors therein arising from oversight or omission may be corrected by the court at any time of its own initiative or on the motion of any party and after such notice as the court may direct; mistakes may be corrected before an appeal is docketed in the Appellate Court, and thereafter while the appeal is pending may be corrected with leave of the Appellate Court.

b) Mistakes; Inadvertence; Excusable Neglect; Newly Discovered Evidence; Fraud, etc. On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may, in the furtherance of justice, relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding for the following reasons:

1. mistake, inadvertence, surprise, or excusable neglect;
2. newly discovered evidence which by due diligence could not have been discovered in time to move for a new trial under Rule 29(a);
3. fraud, misrepresentation or other misconduct of an adverse party;
4. when, for any cause, the summons in an action has not been personally served upon the defendant and the defendant has failed to appear in said action;
5. the judgment is void;
6. the judgment has been satisfied, released, or discharged, or a prior judgment upon which it is based has been reversed or otherwise vacated, or it is no longer equitable that the judgment should have prospective application; or
7. any other reason justifying relief from the operation of the judgment. The motion shall be made within a reasonable time and for reasons (1), (2), (3), or (4), not more than 3 months after the judgment, order, or proceeding was entered or taken. A motion under this subdivision (b) does not affect the finality of a judgment or suspend its operation. This rule does not limit the power of a court to entertain an independent action to relieve a party from a judgment, order or proceeding or to set aside a judgment for fraud upon the court. The procedure for obtaining any relief from a judgment shall be by motion as prescribed in these rules or by an independent action.

No error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence, and no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the court or by any of the parties, is ground for granting a new trial or otherwise disturbing a judgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial justice. The court at every stage of the proceeding shall disregard any error or defect in the proceeding which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.

a) Stay upon Entry of Judgment. Proceedings to enforce a judgment may issue immediately upon the entry of the judgment, unless the court in its discretion and on such conditions for the security of the adverse party as are proper, otherwise directs.

b) Stay on Motion for New Trial or for Judgment. In its discretion and on such conditions for the security of the adverse party as are proper, the court may stay the execution of, or any proceedings to enforce, a judgment pending the disposition of a motion for a new trial or to alter or amend a judgment or of a motion for relief from a judgment or order, or of a motion for judgment in accordance with a motion for a directed verdict, or of a motion for amendment to the findings or for additional findings.

c) Injunction Pending Appeal. When an appeal is taken from an interlocutory or final judgment granting, dissolving, or denying an injunction, the court in its discretion may suspend, modify, restore, or grant an injunction during the pendency of the appeal upon such conditions as it considers proper for the security of the rights of the adverse party.

d) Stay Upon Appeal. When an appeal is taken the appellant by giving a bond in an amount set by the court may obtain a stay, unless such a stay is otherwise prohibited bylaw or these rules. The bond may be given at or within10 days after the time of filing the notice of appeal. The stay is effective when the bond is approved and received by the court.

e) Stay in Favor of the Tribe, or Agency Thereof. When an appeal is taken by the Tribe, or an officer or agency of the Tribe, and the operation or enforcement of the judgment is stayed, no bond, obligation, or other security shall be required from the appellant.

f) Power of Appellate Court Not Limited. The provisions in this rule do not limit any power of an .appellate court or of a judge or justice thereof to stay proceedings during the pendency of an appeal or to suspend, modify, restore, or grant an injunction during the pendency of an appeal or to make any order appropriate to preserve the status quo or the effectiveness of the judgment subsequently to be entered.

g) Stay of Judgment Upon Multiple Claims. When a court has ordered a final judgment on some but not all of the claims presented in the action under the conditions stated in Rule 25, the court may stay enforcement of that judgment until the entering of a subsequent judgment or judgments and may prescribe such conditions as are necessary to secure the benefit thereof to the party in whose favor the judgment is entered.

h) Waiver of Undertaking. In all cases, the parties may, by written stipulation, waive the requirements of this rule with respect to the filing of a bond or undertaking. In all cases where an undertaking is required by these rules a deposit in court in the amount of such undertaking, or such lesser amount as the court may order, is equivalent to the filing of the undertaking.

a) Disability. If by reason of death, sickness, or other disability, a judge before whom an action has been tried is unable to perform the duties to be performed by the court under these rules after a verdict is returned or findings of fact and conclusions of law are filed, then any other judge regularly sitting in or assigned to the court may perform those duties; but if such other judge is satisfied that he cannot perform those duties because he did not preside at the trial or for any other reason, he may in his discretion grant a new trial.

b) Disqualification. Whenever a party to any action or proceedings, civil or criminal, or his attorney shall make and file an affidavit that the judge before whom such action or proceeding is to be tried or heard has a bias or prejudice, either against such party or his attorney or in favor of any opposite party to the suit, such judge shall proceed no further therein, except to call in another judge to hear and determine the matter.

Every such affidavit shall state the facts and the reasons for the belief that such bias or prejudice exists, and shall be filed as soon as practicable after the case has been assigned or such bias or prejudice is known. If the judge against whom the affidavit is directed questions the sufficiency of the affidavit, he shall enter an order directing that a copy thereof be forthwith certified to another judge (naming him), which judge shall then pass upon the legal sufficiency of the affidavit. If the judge against whom the affidavit is directed does not question the legal sufficiency of the affidavit, or if the judge to whom the affidavit is certified finds that it is legally sufficient, another judge must be called in to try the case or determine the matter in question. No party shall be entitled in any case to file more than one affidavit; and no such affidavit shall be filed unless accompanied by a certificate of counsel of record that such affidavit and application are made in good faith.

a) Preliminary Injunction; Notice. No preliminary injunction shall be issued without notice to the adverse party.

b) Temporary Restraining Order; Notice; Rehearing; Duration. No temporary restraining order shall be granted without notice to the adverse party unless it clearly appears from specific facts shown by affidavit or by the verified complaint that immediate and irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the applicant before notice can be served and a hearing had thereon. Every temporary restraining order granted without notice shall be endorsed with the date and hour of issuance; and shall be filed forthwith in the clerk's office and entered of record; shall define the injury and state why it is irreparable and why the order was granted without notice; and shall expire by its terms within such time after entry, not to exceed 15 days, as the court fixes, unless within the time so fixed the order, for good cause shown, is extended for alike period or unless the party against whom the order is directed consents that it may be extended for a longer period. The reasons for the extension shall be entered of record. In case a temporary restraining order is granted without notice, the motion for a preliminary injunction shall be set down for hearing at the earliest possible time and takes precedence of all matters except older matter of the same character; and when the motion comes on for hearing the party who obtained the temporary restraining order shall proceed with the application for a preliminary injunction and, if he does not do so, the court shall dissolve the temporary restraining order. On 2 days' notice to the party who obtained the temporary restraining order without notice or on such shorter notice to that party as the court may prescribe, the adverse party may appear and move its dissolution or modification and in that event the court shall proceed to hear and determine such motion as expeditiously as the ends of justice require.

c) Security. Except as otherwise provided by law, no restraining order or preliminary injunction shall issue except upon the giving of security by the applicant, in such sum as the court deems proper, for the payment of such costs and damages as may be incurred or suffered by any party who is found to have been wrongfully enjoined or restrained. No such security shall be required of the United States, the Ute Indian Tribe, or of an officer, or agency, of either; nor shall it be required of a married person in a suit against the other party to the marriage contract.

A surety upon a bond or undertaking under this rule submits himself to the jurisdiction of the court and irrevocably appoints the clerk of the court as his agent upon whom any papers affecting his liability on the bond or undertaking may be served. His liability may be enforced on motion without the necessity of an independent action. The motion and such notice of the motion as the court prescribes may be served on the clerk of the court who shall forthwith mail copies to the persons giving the security if their addresses are known.

d) Form and Scope of Injunction or Restraining Order; Service. Every order granting an injunction and every restraining order shall be specific in terms; shall describe in reasonable detail, and not by reference to the complaint or other document, the actor acts sought to be restrained; and is binding only upon the parties to the action, their officers, agents, servants, employees, and attorneys, and upon those persons in active concert or participation with them who receive actual notice of the order by personal service or otherwise.

e) Grounds for Injunction. An injunction may be granted:

1) When it appears by the pleadings on file that a party is entitled to the relief demanded, and such relief, or any pan thereof, consists in restraining the commission or continuance of some act complained of, either for a limited period or perpetually;

2) When it appears from the pleadings 'or by affidavit that the commission or continuance of some act during the litigation would produce great or irreparable injury to the party seeking injunctive relief;

3) When it appears during the litigation that either party is doing or threatens, or is about to do, or is procuring or suffering to be done, some actin violation of the rights of another party respecting the subject matter of the action, and tending to render the judgment ineffectual;

4) In all other cases where an injunction would be proper in equity.

a) Grounds for Relief. Where no other plain, speedy and adequate remedy exists, relief may be obtained by obtaining an extraordinary writ which may be granted for any one of the following grounds:

1. Where any person usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises a public office or does or permits to be done any act which bylaw works a forfeiture of his office; or
2. Where an inferior tribunal, board or officer exercising judicial functions has exceeded its jurisdiction or abused its discretion; or
3. Where the relief sought is to compel any inferior tribunal, board or person to perform an act which the law specially enjoins as a duty resulting from an office, trust or station; or to compel the admission of a party to the use and enjoyment of a right or office to which he is entitled and from which he is unlawfully excluded by such inferior tribunal, board or person; or
4. Where the relief sought is to arrest the proceedings of any tribunal, board or person, whether exercising functions judicial or ministerial, when such proceedings are without or in excess of the jurisdiction of such tribunal, board or person.

b) Habeas Corpus. Appropriate relief by habeas corpus proceedings shall be granted whenever it appears to the court that any person is unjustly imprisoned or otherwise restrained of his liberty. Upon the filing of the complaint the court shall, unless it appears from such complaint or the showing of the plaintiff that he is not entitled to any relief, issue a writ directed to the defendant commanding him to bring the person alleged to be restrained before the court at a time and place therein specified, at which time the court shall proceed in a summary manner to hear the matter and render judgment accordingly. If the writ is not issued, the court shall state its reasons therefor in writing and file the same with the complaint, and shall deliver a copy thereof to the plaintiff. If the defendant cannot be found, or if he does not have such person in custody, the writ (and any other process issued) may be served upon any one having such person in custody, in the manner and with the same effect as if he had been made defendant in the action.

The defendant shall appear at the proper time and place with the person designated or show good cause for not doing so and must answer the complaint within the time allowed. The answer must state plainly and unequivocally whether he then has, or at any time has had the person designated under his control and restraint, and if so, the cause thereof. If such person has been transferred, the defendant must state that fact, and to whom, and when, the transfer was made, and the reason or authority therefor. The writ shall not be disobeyed for any defect of form or misdescription of the person restrained or defendant, if enough is stated to show the meaning and intent thereof.

The person restrained may waive his right to be present at the hearing, in which case the writ shall be modified accordingly. Pending a determination of the matter the court may place such person in the custody of such individual or individuals as may be deemed proper.

c) Habeas Corpus; Decision. In each case, the court, upon determining the case, shall enter specific findings of fact and conclusions of law and judgment, in writing, and the same shall be made a part of the record in the case. If the court finds in favor of the complainant, it shall enter an appropriate order with respect to judgment or sentence in the former proceedings and such further orders with respect to rearraignment, retrial, custody, bail, or discharge as the court may deem just and proper in the case.

d) Habeas Corpus Availability. Except in cases of extraordinary injustice, habeas corpus relief shall not be available to a person incarcerated as a result of a criminal conviction where the alleged grounds for relief have been or could have been raised by an appeal following the conviction.

a) Time. If within 60 days after envy of a judgment awarding money damages and/or costs against a party, or within 60 days after final resolution of an appeal to the appellate court from such a judgment, it is made to appear to the court that the judgment debtor has not paid the judgment amount in full or commenced making installment payments in a manner agreed to by the parties, or is not current in such payments, the Court shall upon motion of the judgment creditor, heard ex parte, order the Ute Indian Tribal Police to execute on the personal property of the judgment debtor as provided herein.

b) Procedure. The court shall order the judgment debtor to appear before it and answer under oath regarding all his personal property. The court shall then determine what property of the judgment debtor is available for execution and order the Ute Indian Tribal Police to seize as much of such property as reasonably appears necessary to pay the judgment amount. Failure of the judgment debtor to appear may be deemed a contempt of court and the court may proceed without such appearance. Sale of the seized property shall be at public auction conducted by the Ute Indian Tribal Police after giving at least 10 days public notice posted in at least three conspicuous public places on the reservation. Property shall be sold to the highest bidder who shall make payment for the property at the time of sale. The person conducting the auction may postpone such in his discretion if there is inadequate response to the auction or the bidding, and may reschedule such upon giving the required notice. The person conducting the sale shall give a certificate of sale to the purchaser and shall make a return to the Court reciting the details of the sale.

c) Exemption From Execution. The Court shall only order seizure and sale of such property of the judgment debtor to satisfy a money judgment the loss of which will not impose an immediate substantial hardship on the immediate family of the judgment debtor. Only property of the judgment debtor himself may be subject to execution and not property of his family.

d) Redemption From Sale. At any time within 6 months after sale under this Rule, the judgment debtor may redeem his property from the purchaser thereof by paying the amount such purchaser paid for the properly plus 8 percent interest, plus any expenses actually incurred by the purchaser, such as taxes and insurance. to maintain the property.

a) Appellate Court. All appeals from the Ute Indian Tribal or Juvenile Courts shall be heard by the Ute Indian Appellate Court.

b) Right to Appeal. Any party who is aggrieved by any final order, commitment or judgment of the trial court may appeal in the manner prescribed by this Rule.

c) Time; Notice of Appeal. Within 20 days from the entry of the order of judgment appealed from the party taking the appeal must file with the trial court a written notice of appeal specifying the parties to the appeal, the order or judgment appealed from, and a short statement of the reason or grounds for the appeal. The clerk shall file the notice and mail copies, to be provided by the appealing party, to all other parties to the appeal at their last known address.

d) Parties. The party taking the appeal shall be referred to as the appellant; all other parties shall be referred to as the respondents. The name of the case shall be the same as that used in the trial court.

e) Bond on Appeal. At the time of filing the Notice of Appeal, the appellant shall also file cash or a bond in an amount set by the trial court sufficient to guarantee performance of the judgment if such performance is stayed on appeal plus, in any event, sufficient to guarantee payment of such costs or interest as the appellate court may award.

f) Stay Pending Appeal. In any case in which an appeal is perfected as required by this Rule, the appellant may petition the trial court for an order staying the order, commitment or judgment rendered conditioned upon execution of a bond to guarantee performance of the judgment, order or commitment. A stay shall be granted in all cases in which it is requested unless manifest injustice would result therefrom.

g) Clerk. The Clerk of the trial court shall also serve as the Clerk of the Appellate Court. Within 5 days after a Notice of Appeal is filed, the Clerk shall prepare, certify and file with the Appellate Court all papers comprising the record of the case appealed. A separate docket shall be maintained for the appellate court in which shall be recorded each stage of the proceedings on each case appealed.

h) Subpoenas. The presiding judge of the appellate court shall, when hearing a case, have authority by subpoena to compel a witness to attend and testify or compel the production of documents where such is deemed necessary to the rendition of the court's opinion. There shall not, however, be a new trial in the appellate court, and, except in cases where the findings of fact of the trial court are clearly erroneous, there will be no review of the factual findings of the trial court.

i) Briefs and Memoranda. Within 30 days of the filing of the Notice of Appeal or within such longer time as the Appellate Court shall allow, the appellant shall file a written brief, memorandum or statement in support of his appeal. An original and three copies shall be filed with the clerk and one additional copy shall be served upon or mailed to each other patty or his counselor or attorney. The respondent shall have 20 days after receipt of the appellant's brief, memorandum or statement within which to file a reply brief, memorandum or statement and shall file and serve such in the same manner as the appellant's brief, memorandum or statement. No response shall be allowed either party without leave of court.

j) Argument. The Appellate Court shall decide all cases upon the briefs, memoranda and statements filed plus the record of the trial court without oral argument unless either party requests oral argument .and shows to the court that such will aid the court's decision, or unless the court decides on us own motion to hear orb argument.

k) Decision. The Appellate Court shall issue a written decision and all judgments on appeal shall be final.

These Rules shall be known as the Ute Indian Rules of Civil Procedure and may be abbreviated U.I.R.C.P.

It is the purpose of this Juvenile Code to secure for each child coming before the Tribal Juvenile Court such care, guidance, and control, preferably in his own home, as will serve his welfare and the best interests of the Ute Indian Tribe, the State of Utah, and the United States; to preserve and strengthen family ties whenever possible; to preserve and strengthen the child's cultural and ethnic identity wherever possible; to secure for any child removed from his home that care, guidance, and control as nearly equivalent as the which he should have been given by his parents to help him develop into a responsible, well adjusted adult; to improve any conditions or home environment which may be contributing to his delinquency; and at the same time, to protect the peace and security of the community and its individual residents from juvenile violence or law-breaking. To this end, this Code shall be liberally construed.

As used in this Juvenile Code, the following definitions shall apply:

(1) "Court" means the Tribal Juvenile Court of the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation unless the Tribal Court or some other court is clearly intended.

(2) "Committee' means the Tribal Business Committee of the Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation.

(3) "Child" means a person who is an enrolled member of the Ute Indian Tribe, or any other Indian on the Reservation, who is less than 18 years of age, or if over 18 years of age, and less than 21 years of age, a person still subject to the continuing jurisdiction of the Tribal Juvenile Court.

(4) "Adult" means any person who has reached his eighteenth birthday.

(5) " Detention" means the temporary care of children who require secure custody, in physically restricting facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction.

(6) " Shelter" means the temporary care of children in physically unrestricting facilities pending court disposition or transfer to another jurisdiction.

(7) "Legal Custody" means a relationship embodying the following rights and duties: the right to physical custody of a child; the right and duty to protect, train and discipline him; the duty to provide him with food, clothing, shelter, education, and ordinary medical care; the right to determine where and with whom he shall live, and the right, in an emergency, to authorize surgery or other extraordinary care.

(8) "Guardian" means a guardian of the person and not a guardian of the property or estate.

(9) "Guardianship of the person" includes, among other things, the authority to consent to marriage, to enlistment in the Armed Forces, and to consent to major medical, surgical, or psychiatric treatment. "Guardianship of the person" also includes legal custody, if legal custody is not vested in another person, agency, or institution.

(10) "Residual parental rights and duties" means those rights and duties remaining with the parents after legal custody or guardianship, or both, have been vested in another person or agency, including, but not limited to, the responsibility for support, the right to consent to adoption, the right to determine the child's religious affiliation, and the right to reasonable visitation unless restricted by the court. If no guardian has been appointed, "residual parental rights and duties" also includes the right to consent to marriage, to enlistment in the Armed Forces, and to consent to major medical, surgical or psychiatric treatment.

(11) "Adjudication" means a finding by the court, incorporated in the decree, that the facts alleged in the petition have been proved.

(12) "Child placement agency" means an agency licensed to receive children for placement or adoption under Title 55, Chapter 8a, Utah Code Annotated, 1953; or an agency receiving children for placement or adoption in another state, which agency is licensed or approved for such license or approval as required bylaw.

(13) " Deprivation of custody" means transfer of legal custody by the court from a parent or the parents or a previous legal custodian to another person, agency, or institution.

(14) "Termination of parental rights" means permanent elimination of all parental rights and duties, including residual parental rights and duties, by court order.

(15) "Probation" means a legal status crated by court order following an adjudication on the ground of a violation of law or under Section 4-3-1(1), (3) hereof, whereby the child is permitted to remain in his home under prescribed conditions and under supervision by a probation officer designated by the court subject to return to the court for violation of any of the conditions prescribed.

(16) "Protective supervision" means a legal status created by court order following an adjudication on the ground of neglect or dependency whereby the child is permitted to remain in his home, and supervision and assistance to correct the neglect or dependency is provided by a probation officer or other agency designated by the court.

(17) " Neglected child" is a child found to be in one or more of the following situations:

1. a child whose parents, guardian, or custodian has abandoned him or has subjected him to mistreatment or abuse;
2. a child who lacks proper parental care by reason of the fault or habits of the parent, guardian, or custodian;
3. a child whose parent, guardian, or custodian fails or refuses to provide proper or necessary subsistence, education, or medical care, including surgery or psychiatric services when required, or any other care necessary for his health, morals or well-being.

(18) " Dependent child" is a child found to be in one or more of the following situations:

1. a child who is homeless or destitute or without proper support or care through no fault of his parent or guardian;
2. a child who lacks proper care by reason of the mental or physical condition of the parent, guardian, or custodian.

(19) "State" means the State of Utah.

The singular includes the plural, the plural the singular, and the masculine the feminine, when consistent with the intent of this Code.

All provisions and procedures established herein shall be construed and applied so as to provide not less than the minimum requirements of due process of law to both children and adults subject to this Juvenile Code.

Except as otherwise specifically provided, the Juvenile Court shall have original jurisdiction over any Indian or Member child residing upon or found upon the Reservation, and over all persons having the care, custody or control of such children in the following situations:

(1) Concerning any child who has violated any Federal, State, local or municipal ordinance, or Tribal ordinance, regardless of where the violation occurred.

(2) Concerning any child who is a neglected or dependant child, as defined in Section 4-1-2 of this Code.

(3) Concerning any child who: a) being subject to compulsory school attendance, .is habitually truant from school in defiance of persistent efforts by parents or school authorities; or b) habitually disobeys the reasonable and lawful demands of his parents, guardian, or other custodian and is ungovernable and beyond their control to such an extent as to clearly endanger his own welfare or the welfare of others.

(4) Proceedings to terminate the legal parent-child relationship, including termination of residual parental rights and duties.

(5) For the judicial consent to marriage, employment, or enlistment of a child in the Armed Forces and to emergency medical or surgical treatment of the child.

(6) The Juvenile Court shall also have original jurisdiction of the following proceedings, which shall be governed by the laws relating thereto without regard to the other provisions of this Juvenile Code:

1. proceedings for the adoption of a child;
2. proceedings for the commitment of a mentally retarded or mentally ill child;
3. all proceedings to determine the custody or to appoint a legal custodian or a guardian of the person of a child.

When a person 18 years of age or over who is under the continuing jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court pursuant to this Code violates any federal, state, or local law, municipal or Tribal ordinance, the Tribal Juvenile Court shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the court having jurisdiction of the new offense.

If, during the pendency of a criminal or quasi-criminal proceeding in the Tribal Court, including a preliminary hearing, it shall be ascertained that the person charged was less than 18 years of age at the time of committing the alleged offense, that Court shall transfer the case to the Tribal Juvenile Court, together with all the papers, documents and transcripts of any testimony connected therewith. The Tribal Court shall order the person to be taken forthwith to the Tribal Juvenile Court or to the place of detention designated by the Tribal Juvenile Court, or shall release him to the custody of his parent or guardian or other person legally responsible for him, to be brought before the Tribal Juvenile Court at a time designated by it. The Juvenile Court shall then proceed as provided herein.

Exercise of jurisdiction over a child on probation or under protective supervision, or of a child who is otherwise under the continuing jurisdiction of the Court, may be transferred by the Court, if the receiving court consents, to any court with proper jurisdiction.

If the petition in the case of a child 14 years of age or older alleges that he committed an act which would constitute a felony or Class A offense if committed by an adult, and if the Court after full investigation and a hearing finds that it would be contrary to the best interests of the child, or of the public, or the Tribe, to retain jurisdiction, the Court may enter an order certifying to that effect and directing that the child be held for criminal proceedings in the Tribal Court. The provisions of Chapter 11 of this Juvenile Code and other provisions relating to provisions in children's cases shall, to the extent they are pertinent, be applicable to such hearing held under this section.

The Juvenile Court shall exercise jurisdiction over any adult in the following cases:

1. In any criminal case which the offense is one designated for the protection of children, and the Tribal Court certifies the case to the Juvenile Court for disposition. In such cases, trial of the adult in the Juvenile Court shall be handled according to the Ute Indian Rules of Criminal Procedure, and the Court may sentence the convicted adult in any manner available to the Tribal Court. Certification of such cases shall occur only when it is made to appear to the Tribal Court that some interest of the Juvenile Court in a matter pending before it will be served thereby.
2. In any case in which a child has come within the jurisdiction of the Juvenile Court, that Court shall have authority to exercise jurisdiction over adults to the extent necessary or reasonably believed to be necessary to make a proper disposition of each case, including authority to punish for contempt committed either in or out of the Court's presence.

Jurisdiction obtained by the Court of a child through adjudication under Chapter 13 of this Juvenile Code shall continue for purposes of this Code until he becomes 21 years of age, unless terminated prior thereto.

The continuing jurisdiction of the Court shall terminate:

1. Upon order of the Court which may be made at any time; or
2. Upon transfer of proceedings in felony cases under subsection 4-3-5 of this Juvenile Code.

The continuing jurisdiction of the Court is not terminated by marriage.

The Tribal Juvenile Court shall have the same powers and duties as provided for other Tribal Courts in this Law and Order Code.

Immediately following the enactment of this Code and each six years thereafter (unless a vacancy occurs earlier), the Business Committee shall appoint a judge for the Tribal Juvenile Court. Such judge shall be chosen without regard to political affiliation and on the basis of ability, judicial temperament, and special aptitude for juvenile court work. The judge of the Tribal Juvenile Court may be a member or a non-member of the Tribe and in the interest of uniformity and cooperation between the Tribal Juvenile Court, the Utah State Juvenile Court, and all Tribal, state and federal agencies concerned with the interests of children, any Judge of the Utah State Juvenile Court may be appointed as Tribal Juvenile Court Judge provided said state judge is otherwise acceptable to the Business Committee and consents to so act Any judge serving as the judge of the Tribal Juvenile Court at the time this Code is adopted, shall continue so to act

A judge shall be appointed for a term of six years and until his successor is appointed, provided that in the event a state juvenile court judge is appointed, his term as Tribal Juvenile Court Judge shall not extend beyond his term or terms as State Judge. The judge of the Tribal Juvenile Court shall receive such compensation, expenses, payments and other benefits as the Business Committee shall prescribe.

The Business Committee may appoint a judge on a temporary basis when required to take the place of a judge who is temporarily disabled or absent or for any reason unable temporarily to perform the duties of his office.

The Judge of the Tribal Juvenile Court shall prepare and submit to the Business Committee an annual report of the operation of the Tribal Juvenile Court which shall include financial and statistical data, and shall report all funds received from all sources in connection with his office and the expenditure thereof.

The Judge of the Tribal Juvenile Courts is authorized to receive and expend any funds which may become available from the federal or state governments or any sub-divisions thereof to carry out any of the purposes of this Code; and to this end, the judge may meet any federal or state requirements not in conflict with this Code which may be conditions precedent to receiving such funds.

The Judge of the Tribal Juvenile Court may cooperate with the Federal government in a program for training personnel employed or preparing for employment in the Tribal Juvenile Court, and may receive and expend funds from federal or state sources or from private donations for such purposes. Subject to the approval of the Business Committee, the judge of the Tribal Juvenile Court may contract with public or non-profit institutions of higher learning for the training of such personnel, may conduct short-term gaining courses of its own, and may hire experts on a temporary basis for such purposes, and may cooperate with the Utah State Department of Public Welfare and other state departments or agencies in personnel training programs.

The judge, in the exercise of his duties and in the exercise of any duties to be performed by any other officers under his supervision or control, shall utilize such social services as may be furnished by the federal or state governments to the end that the Court may be economically administered without unnecessary duplication or expense.

(1) In making any decision to place children in homes or institutions other than with one or both of the natural parents of the child, the Court shall, in all cases in which such action would not obviously be contrary to the child's best interests, determine whether or not there are relatives, friends, or other persons living on the Reservation who would be willing and able to provide a suitable temporary or permanent living environment for the child. The Court shall give consideration to and due regard for Tribal or family customs relative to the raising of children and shall endeavor to place all children requiring such in homes with cultural backgrounds similar to that which the child would have enjoyed if properly raised by his natural parents.

(2) In order to enable the Court to place children in a manner consistent with the foregoing subsection, whenever possible, the Court shall make, or cause to be made, a continuing survey of Tribal members and other Indians living on the Reservation to determine the availability of homes suitable for child placement and the willingness of such persons to accept and care for placed children on either a permanent or temporary basis, or both. The Court shall, if necessary, determine the fitness of a home into which a child is to be placed, at or immediately prior to the time such placement is made.

(3) The Judge may contract, on behalf of the Tribe, with agencies or departments of the federal government, or with agencies or departments of the Sate of Utah or of other states, for the care and placement of children whose status is adjudicated under this Code, subject, however, to the approval of the Business Committee before expenditure of any Tribal funds.